My Interested Job As The Icon Of My Choice Essay

Everyone desires to be unique in their own way, most people especially students possess an occupational wish immediately they join the early stages of education. Some would like to be identified with certain jobs, hobbies, affiliating groups or even movies. This paper majorly illustrates my interested job as the icon of my choice; the icons have been selected from the medical field in relation to the eye. Each of the icon is referring to an eye specialist hence the theme is common. Since I am interested in becoming an optometrist, I have decided to choose other two related jobs dealing in eye disorders, these are optician and ophthalmologist. Since I desire a profession dealing in eye, the three icons I have mentioned would be of great relevance to me in my entire professional life. In the succeeding paragraphs, the three icons have been explained in   three ways, that is what they are and what they deal in, why they represent me what and why they mean something tome and how they h ave improved my life.   The paper will also explain how I intend to become or embrace the icons. OPTOMETRIST This is a profession in health care that is concerned with the eye and its related structures. It deals in visual system, information on vision processing and vision in humans as well. Optometrists are qualified to treat and diagnose eye diseases like glaucoma and even infections. The eye and its structures and the mechanisms involved has captivated scientists and the general public since the ancient times, therefore many people have been involved in it and this is my point of interest. Many patients are usually more concerned with eye related disorders than other diseases; the knowledge that one may experience an eye problem has an upsetting effect on the psychology of an individual, the same effect even spread to economy and social life. This makes the profession a point of interest to me as I would prefer helping and interacting with such individuals. Many people with visual problems need vital assistance with the activities of their daily living and are usually unable to gain ful l employment that they initially possessed before they developed the defect. It therefore results into terrible challenges to the victims. It would be my interest in the future to assist the eye disorder victims in maintaining of ocular health and correcting their eye problems that may limit their vision and contribute deeply to the ability to appreciate longer lifespan that the medicine can allow. This profession is therefore very vital due to the quality that vision has in life, hence many optometrists consider their job very rewarding, and that is why I intend to be one. As such optometry is tied to the vision science, optics and optical assistance, optical instruments of imaging techniques among other eye care professions. The nature of work in optometry includes examining people’s eye in order to diagnose the detected vision problems. These problems may include shortsightedness and long-sightedness, color perception and ability to coordinate and focus the eyes; they may prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses or even provide treatment like vision therapy and low visual rehabilitation. Optometrists may also test for glaucoma and other eye disorders and even diagnose those conditions caused by systemic diseases such as high blood pressure and diabetes. They also prescribe medication to treat vision disorders or eye problem and provide both pre operative and postoperative care to cataract victims. Optometrists may also specialize in fields like contact lenses, pediatrics, and geriatrics or vision therapy. This has resulted in the formation of professional groups depending on the area of specialization and still they remain practitioners. For instance, some may specialize in developing ways of protecting worker’s eye from job related diseases, occupational vision while others may focus on sports vision, ocular diseases, head trauma and special testing. Some even teach optometry, perform research and consult at the same time. This is a major reaso n why I am interested in the profession and is my major icon. To become an optometrist, a doctor of optometry degree is needed and this requires a completion of a four year degree program in the accredited school of optometry. This is usually a competitive program which admits very few candidates and therefore commitment is necessary and that is what I advocate. Since the requirement for admission include Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology which I possess a great background in, I therefore believe I am capable of practicing the profession. This icon therefore means life to me and represents me in that I possess what it takes to be one, it will therefore improve my life in the actualization stage as I help others achieve their goals and mission. OPHTHALMOLOGIST This is a specialist who deals with medical and surgical eye problems. This profession is one of the branches in medicine that deal in the physiology, anatomy and diseases of the eye. As a discipline, ophthalmology applies to animal eye as well; this broadens the practice, since the distinctions in human practice are minor and related mainly to the differences in prevalence or anatomy and not differences in the disease processes. Ophthalmologist is therefore a medical doctor specialized in vision care and the eye. They are trained to provide a full spectrum of the eye care, prescribing contact lenses and glasses to delicate and complex eye surgery. They are sometimes involved in the eye research as well. This makes the profession my point of interest. This profession requires a four year training and one year internship which should be hospital based. They are trained in all aspects of eye care and prevention, medical and surgery treatment of the conditions of the eye including diagn osis of the same. Some of the specific areas of training include; cornea and the external disorders, glaucoma, ophthalmic pathology, Neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology and vitriol retinal diseases. Both the diagnosis and management of these diseases are intensively learnt with several practical demonstrations like transplantation involved in the training. Practitioners may specialize in different field such as corneal diseases, glaucoma, retina and vitreous diseases, pediatric eye problems and plastic surgery. This is a major contribution of this profession to be my preference icon, with several options to specialize, one can easily identify what he or she can perform best and since it is geared towards assisting people which is my aim in life, I prefer it to other professions. Optometrists and family doctors are known to often refer the patients experiencing serious eye problems to ophthalmologists due to their extensive training as they can always link eye problems to ot her diseases for instance, they are usually he first to identify and detect brain tumor, multiple sclerosis and even diabetes. Ophthalmologists usually use a variety of different instrument such as ophthalmoscopes, which enables easy visualization of the inner part of the eye. They can then prescribe contact lenses, medicine and eye glasses or even recommend eye exercises and where required with urgency, they perform surgery. For this to take place, extensive training after high school for four years in medical school is necessary. This means a lot to me as I aspire to become an eye specialist, therefore in reference to this, I prefer the icon, it would improve my life as I assist the victims as I actualize my professional life. OPTICIAN This is a person who deals in optical devises. A medical practitioner trained on filling the prescriptions for the correction of the eye in the field of medicine. Opticians also make optical devices and are also known as dispensing optician. They determine the specifications of different ophthalmic appliances that gives necessary corrections to an individual’s eyesight. Some opticians also manufacture lenses to their own stipulations and design spectacle frames and some other devices. Opticians work in a variety of settings like as independent or joint practice, retail stores or hospital eye care centers. This is not always the case as opticians need to get registered in order to meet the set standards of practice. They also commit to an ongoing education and hold professional liability if any arises. They usually consult a client in order to design optical appliances or ophthalmic to best meet their needs. Information is usually gathered from the patients on the eye and the f acial features. In proving the service, opticians are expected to use variety of instrument which usually ranges from simple devices of measuring to complex examination instrument. This is my preference icon as it is very marketable and always needed by the victims. Due to the increasing demand for contact lenses and glasses, the job growth is proportionate for dispensing opticians. This growth creates more demand for corrective lenses by those who need regular vision care hence making the profession lucrative and profitable. Therefore apart from assisting others, there is also a lot to learn and earn from the profession, for that reason, this icon means a lot to my life and I believe it will not only improve my life but also take me to the actualization stage of life. Some other things that I love with the icon is the kind of activities that one involve themselves in. such activities as taking client’s facial measurement, assisting a client to sense the type of most appropri ate glasses, keeping client’s records up to date, working together with the insurance groups to maximize the client’s benefits and even customizing the glasses fit to suit the face of the client. Such activities mean a lot to me and therefore justify my love for the profession. As s result of the nature of the work that opticians do in their daily lives, a lot of experience is needed in mathematics especially in algebra and geometry, Physics, anatomy and quality drawing. One also requires very good interpersonal communication skills as they get to interact with many people in their service delivery. For jobs like this, one do not need to wait for employment but can set up his or her own premise and begin, that is one of the reasons why I admire the profession and tops my list in the icons. In summary, the above icons actually represent me as they are what I want to become. In the medical profession, I prefer to assist those with poor vision and bring the whole world back to them. The three icons also mean life to me and improves my life as each day, I work extra hard to achieve my ambition of becoming one. The requirements of each leave me with no option but to commit myself to work. I would like to assist people gain their sight where necessary. I believe in the Icons as they inspire me to work hard and therefore they change my life in a positive way. I also believe that apart from helping people, I can also earn a living with them. Therefore they are all I need in life, my inspiration and what I want to become.

Positive Behavioral Intervention Essay - 1313 Words

Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports The Impact of Positive Reinforcement Sara Nino Dallas Baptist University Abstract I chose to research the Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports approach to positive reinforcement. I wanted to find out if this approach taught temporary or long-term (positive) behavioral changes. I researched this approach and compared it to the Responsive Classroom approach. In order to determine its effectiveness, I looked at referral data at Nimitz High School provided around this time this last year, and compared it to its current numbers. While it showed beneficial changes last year, I found an increase in behavioral problems this year. I also attempted to look at the reasoning behind the†¦show more content†¦I work at a school which implements P.B.I.S., also known as P.B.S. (Positive Behavior Supports). Our school P.B.I.S./P.B.S. goals include the following: * Reduction in referrals; * Encourage atmosphere of achievement; * Build upon the positive actions of the students; * Teach positive character traits; and * Instill a sense of community and s chool pride. Behavior is reinforced when one or more of the following Guidelines for Success (G.F.S.) are met: * Self-Disciplined * Trustworthy * Respectful * Organized * Neatly Dressed * Goal Oriented All students are encouraged to be Viking S.T.R.O.N.G. When a student is found to exhibit an S.T.R.O.N.G. characteristic by a teacher, administrator, or other staff member may reward them with a Viking Buck. This is based on their discretion but it is their responsibility to inform the student which G.F.S. they have met and why. In turn, the student may redeem their Viking Buck(s) and enter into a six week drawing for items such as a tablet, Beats, etc. Our school deans work closely with students who fall under secondary and tertiary prevention. They provided a one-on-one review of rules and expectations as well as behavioral contracts as needed. I was asked to join the P.B.I.S. committee early on, last year. It was a new program implemented at Nimitz High School. During that school year, the followingShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe social and psychological interventions play the major role in guiding towards the appropriate treatment of mental health issues because psychosocial interventions had a positive effect on quality of life and positive mental health. Social interventions significantly improved positive mental health, life satisfaction and quality of life (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health and Behavior, 2001). 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Intermediate Quantitative Methods for Accounting†MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Intermediate Quantitative Methods for Accounting. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses the use of statistical analysis techniques in business reporting. The International Union of Accountants belongs to a body of accounting firms all over the globe that seeks to improving corporate governance. This paper seeks to report on the environmental accounting compliance of different accounting firms across the globe. The accounting firms are under the control of the Accounting Director of International Union of Accountants and therefore the data is readily available. The variables under investigation in this paper include environmental accounting compliance scores for this year, last year, and a year before last year, percentage of accountants in the selected firms with at least an accounting degree and type of country for each accounting firm. The environmental accounting scores are represented as an average, this is because average is the best measure in descriptive analysis to represent quantitative data, percentage of accountants in different accounting firms is represented as categorical variable where 1 = less than 50% of accountants have an accounting degree and 2 = at least 50% of the accountants have an accounting degree, and the type of country is presented as ordinal variable where 1 = first word countries, 2 = second world countries, and 3 = third world countries(Bhat 2010). The statistical analysis involved in this paper are inferential statistics. Statistical inference is a process which information is acquired about populations from the samples(Cameron 2013). Hypothesis testing and estimation are the two major procedures in making inferences. In estimation, the main objective is determining the value of population parameter based on sample statistic(Carlberg 2014). The process involved in estimation include identification of parameter being estimated, specification of the parameters estimator and the sampling distribution, and construction of interval estimator. In hypothesis testing the main purpose is determining whether there is significant evidence favoring a certain belief about parameters(Chatterjee 2013). Under hypothesis testing we have null and alternative hypothesis and the main objective is reject or not to reject the null hypothesis. Rejecting the null hypothesis refers to that there is substantial or significant evidence to conclude the alternative hypothesis is true. Failing to reject the null hypothesis we conclude there is no significant evidence to support the alternative hypothesis(Cramer 2007). The steps involved in testing hypothesis are as follows: Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% Definition of the decision rule Calculating value of the test statistic Conclusion from the results. Finally from the results that will be obtained, a conclusion will be reached on specific research questions that the Director wished to address, summarizing and discussion of the limitations will also be addressed. Is the percentage of accountants in each firm who has at least one university degree in accounting related to country type? The test statistic to be used in this research question is the Chi-Square test of independence and the Cramers V value(Elliott 2007). The Chi-Square test of independence is a statistical test that is used in determining with there is a significant relationship between two nominal or categorical variables(Heckard 2012). In our case the variables under investigation are country type and percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and both are categorical variables. The population of interest in this research question is the percentage of accountants with at least one university degree in accounting and the type of country an accountant is from(Connor n.d.). Following the steps in testing hypothesis, Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. H0: The percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from are independent or there is no significant relationship between percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from. H1: The percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from are dependent or there is a significant relationship between percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from. Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the Chi-Square test of independence. This the most appropriate test statistic to use because the variables under investigation are both nominal(Epsetein n.d.). Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Definition of the decision rule The decision rule used in this test is should the p-value ( defined as the smallest value of that leads to rejection of the null hypothesis) be less than the level of significance the null hypothesis will be rejected(Cramer, Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis 2007). Calculating value of the test statistic Table 1 Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Acc-Dgr% at time t * Country classification 60 100.0% 0 .0% 60 100.0% Table 1 above represents the total number of firms under study. Therefore, from the results above, we had 60 firms and none of the firms had a missing data. Acc-Dgr% at time t * Country classification Crosstabulation Count Country classification Total First World Countries Second World Countries Third World Countries Acc-Dgr% at time t Less than 50% 2 7 21 30 At least 50% 13 12 5 30 Total 15 19 26 60 Table 2 above summarizes both variables under study. Firms with less than 50% of accountants who had an accounting degree and those with at least 50% were at par with 30 each. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 19.229a 2 .000 Likelihood Ratio 20.933 2 .000 Linear-by-Linear Association 18.389 1 .000 N of Valid Cases 60 a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 7.50. Table 3 above represents the Chi-Square tests results of the variables under study. The p-value 0.0000 is less than the level of significance at both 1% and 5%. Therefore, we fail to accept the null hypothesis and conclude that the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from are dependent or there is a significant relationship between percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from. Symmetric Measures Value Asymp. Std. Errora Approx. Tb Approx. Sig. Nominal by Nominal Phi .566 .000 Cramer's V .566 .000 Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.558 .097 -5.125 .000c Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.564 .098 -5.200 .000c N of Valid Cases 60 a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. c. Based on normal approximation. Table 4 indicates the measure of association between the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from, this is represented as Cramers V(Lee n.d.). Conclusion from the results. Results obtained from the Chi-Square test of independence reveal that there is an association between the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from(Stott 2010). This can be interpreted as at least 50% of accountants from first world countries have an accounting degree while less than 50% of accountants in third world countries have an accounting degree. The relationship between the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from is strong as this is depicted by the Cramers V of 0.566(Levin 2010). Therefore, we can conclude that the percentage of accountants in each firm who has at least one university degree in accounting is related to country type(Triola, Elementary Statistics using Excel 2010). This is well illustrated in the column chart below Is there evidence of different environmental compliance scores (EAC) over the three-year period The test statistic to be used in this research question is the one-way analysis of variance which is an extension of the two-sample t test(Liu 2012). This test is used when there are several means to be compared. If the ANOVA indicates that the means are not equal, this means that the means are an unequal and a post hoc analysis on the means can be carried out to rank the difference in means(Moy n.d.). The population of interest in this research question is the average of environmental accounting compliance scores of the accounting firms under investigation(Donnelly 2013). Following the steps in testing hypothesis Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. The hypothesis being tested in this research question is as follows: H0: There is no significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores over the three year period of study. H1: There is a significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores over the three year period of study. Before deciding on which test statistic to use, it is wise to test for normality of the data in order to know whether the data follows normality or not(Ryan 2012). Data that follows normal distribution allows parametric distribution techniques to be used in data analysis while data that fails to follow a normal distribution assumes non-parametric techniques of analysis. Since the sample size is greater than 20, Shapiro-Wilk test will be used to test for normality, if the sample size was less than 20, Kolmogorov-Smirnov would have been used(Spicer 2005). Tests of Normality Country classification Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. EAC-Scrs this year (t) First World Countries .129 15 .200* .923 15 .214 Second World Countries .101 19 .200* .966 19 .694 Third World Countries .110 26 .200* .960 26 .400 EAC-Scrs last year (t-1) First World Countries .129 15 .200* .928 15 .256 Second World Countries .164 19 .191 .922 19 .125 Third World Countries .150 26 .138 .973 26 .689 EAC-Scrs the year before last year (t-2) First World Countries .142 15 .200* .956 15 .628 Second World Countries .131 19 .200* .929 19 .166 Third World Countries .120 26 .200* .978 26 .840 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction *. This is a lower bound of the true significance. Table 1 above represents the results for testing normality, all the p-values for environment accounting compliance scores in all the three years is greater than the level of significance at 1% and 5%. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the data follows normality(Triola 2010). The test statistic to be used will therefore be a parametric distribution. This is also explained in the histograms below: Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the Analysis of Variance. This the most appropriate test statistic to use because we have more than two means to compare. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Definition of the decision rule The decision rule used in this test is should the p-value ( defined as the smallest value of that leads to rejection of the null hypothesis) be less than the level of significance the null hypothesis will be rejected. Rejecting the null hypothesis is an indication that there is mean from one group that is not equal to the rest of the means. Calculating value of the test statistic Table 2 above indicates the ANOVA results of the environmental accounting compliance scores for the past three years. The p-value in all three years is less than the significance level at 1% and 5%. Therefore, we fail to accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores across the three years. Conclusion from the results. From the results obtained in the ANOVA we can comfortably conclude that there is sufficient evidence of different environmental compliance scores (EAC) over the three-year period. This means that across the three year period different accounting firms had different environmental accounting compliance scores. Is there evidence to suggest that the environmental compliance scores (EAC) for this year (time t) is greater than two years ago (time t-2) among the 60 selected accounting firms? The test statistic to be used in this research question will be one sample t-test. This is because we are comparing two means of environmental compliance scores for this year (time t) and that of two years ago (time t-2). Since we are not comparing whether the two means are equal but rather whether the environmental compliance scores for this year (time t) is greater than that of two years ago, the test will be one tailed and not two tailed test(Terrell 2012). The population of interest in this research question is the average of environmental accounting compliance scores of the accounting firms under investigation for this year and those of two years ago. Following the steps in testing hypothesis Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. The hypothesis being tested in this research question is as follows: H0: There is no significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores for this year and those of two years ago. H1: The environmental compliance scores for this year are greater than those of two years ago. This hypothesis can be re-written as H0: 0 = 1 = 0 H1: 0 1 Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the one sample t-test. This the most appropriate test statistic to use because we are comparing two means. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Calculating value of the test statistic One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper EAC-Scrs this year (t) 55.279 59 .000 62.8717 60.596 65.147 EAC-Scrs the year before last year (t-2) 50.048 59 .000 59.7050 57.318 62.092 Table 1 above represents the results from one sample t-test. The p-value is less than the significance level at both 1% and 5% and indicates a positive t-statistic. Therefore, we fail to accept the null hypothesis and conclude that this years environmental compliance scores is greater than that of two years ago(Topics in Applied Statistics 2016). Conclusion from the results Results from the t-test indicates that this years is environmental compliance scores are greater than those of two years ago. This can be explained in the positive t-test statistic obtained from the results. If the t-test statistic would be negative, we would have concluded that the environmental compliance score for this year is less than that of two years ago. Is there evidence to suggest that this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting is lower than this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting? The test statistic to be used in this research question will be the independent t-test. This is because we are comparing the mean of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting whether is lower than this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting(Newbold 2013). Since we are not comparing whether the two means are equal but rather whether the environmental compliance scores for this year (time t) is greater than that of two years ago, the test will be one tailed and not two tailed test. The grouping factor in this test will be accounting degree at time t. The population of interest in this research question is the average of environmental accounting compliance scores of the accounting firms under investigation for this year and the percentage of accountants who have at least one university degree in accounting. Following the steps in testing hypothesis Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. The hypothesis being tested in this research question is as follows: H0: There is no significant difference in the mean of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting and this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. H1: The mean of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting whether is lower than this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. This hypothesis can be re-written as H0: 0 = 1 = 0 H1: 0 1 Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the independent t-test. This the most appropriate test statistic. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10%. The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Calculating value of the test statistic Group Statistics Acc-Dgr% at time t N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean EAC-Scrs this year (t) dimension1 Less than 50% 30 58.750 7.9148 1.4450 At least 50% 30 66.993 7.7532 1.4155 Table 1 represents the descriptive statistics of this years environmental compliance scores grouped by the percentage of accountants who have at least one university degree in accounting. Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference EAC-Scrs this year (t) Equal variances assumed 0.01 0.9 -4.08 58 0 -8.2433 2.0228 Equal variances not assumed -4.08 57.98 0 -8.2433 2.0228 Table 2 above indicates the t-test statistic between mean difference of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting and this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. Since we have a negative t-test statistic, we can conclude that there is evidence to suggest that this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting is lower than this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. Bibliography Bhat, K. S. 2010. Quantitative analysis for business decisions. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. Cameron, A. C. And Trivedi, P.K. 2013. Regression analysis of count data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carlberg, C. 2014. Statistical Analysis. Carlberg: Upper Saddle River. Chatterjee, S. And Simonoff, J. S. 2013. Handbook of regression anaysis. Hoboken: Wiley Sons. Connor, G., Goldberg, L. R. And korajczyk, R. A. n.d. Portfolio risk analysis. Cramer, D. 2007. Advanced Quantitative Data Analyis. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd. Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd. Donnelly, R. A. 2013. Business Statistics. Boston: Pearson. Elliott, A. C. And Woodward, W. A. 2007. Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Epsetein, M. J. And Lee, J. Y. n.d. Advances in management accounting. Epstein. Heckard, R. F., Utts, J. M. And Utts, J. M. 2012. Statistics. Australia: Cengage Learning. Lee, C. F. And Lee, J. C. n.d. Handbook of financial econometrics and statistics. Levin, J., Fox, J. A. And Forde, D. R. 2010. Elementary statistics in social research. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Liu, M. 2012. Power and sample size for some chi-square goodness of fit tests. Liu, Mozhu. Moy, R. L., Chen, L. And Kao, L. J. n.d. Study guide for statistics for business and finacial economics. Newbold, P., Carlson, W. L. And Thorne, B. 2013. Statistics for business and economics. Essex: Pearson Education. Ryan, T. P. 2012. Modern regression methods. New York: Wiley. Spicer, J. 2005. Making sense of multivariate data analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Stott, J. R., Truman, M., Lymer, A. And Azmat, N. 2010. Basic accounting. Abingdon: Bookpoint Ltd. Terrell, S. R. 2012. Statistics Translated. New York: Guilford Press. Topics in Applied Statistics. Springer Verlag. Triola, M. F. 2010. Elementary Statistics. Upper Saddle River: Perason Education. 2010. Elementary Statistics using Excel. Boston: Addision-Wesley.

International Management Report Cultural Profiling of USA and India

Introduction In the rapidly developing modern world, the process of globalization is the defining factor and the key feature of international relations. Economies, societies, and whole cultures merge and integrate as a result of the ever-growing system of global communication and trade. The decisive role in the process of globalization is played by economic factors: international business, foreign investment, intellectual and technological exchange, — all these components contribute to globalization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International Management Report: Cultural Profiling of USA and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More and more nations are becoming involved into international interaction and are consequently facing the communicational challenges set by the traditional cultural barriers. Misunderstandings emerge within multinational teams since their members are simply unaware of differen t perceptions and expectations inherent in their foreign colleagues’ philosophy of life and cultural outlook. When maintaining international business communication it is vital to be aware of the multiple stylistic peculiarities inherent in communicative processes of various nations and cultures. One of the most frequent cultural collisions occurs between the representatives of the East and the West, since they bear diametrically opposite values and communicational standards. As an example, business communication should be planned especially cautiously between the representatives of India and the USA, since those two nations demonstrate typical instances of high-context culture and low-context culture, with all the ensuing consequences (cf. Fig.1). Complex approach to cultural differences Cultural differences have been one of the major issues in research on business communication. Success or failure in international business is defined by the level of partners’ flexibil ity, openness, and readiness to accept and compromise with each other’s cultural standards. Locker and Kienzler (2008) define a â€Å"successful international communicator† as a person who is â€Å"†¦ aware of the values, beliefs, and practices in other cultures; sensitive to differences among individuals within a culture; aware that his or her preferred values and behaviors are influenced by culture and are not necessarily â€Å"right†; sensitive to verbal and nonverbal behavior; flexible and open to change† (p.  432). Therefore, a complex approach including a whole array of factors is required when investigating the cultural peculiarities of international partners. One of the comprehensive approaches suggested in the research literature is Solomon and Schell’s (2009) scheme comprising seven key characteristics (or â€Å"dimensions†) of cross-cultural communication: hierarchy and egalitarianism; group focus; relationships; communicat ion styles; time orientation; change tolerance; and motivation or work-life balance (p. 53).Advertising Looking for report on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consideration for and attention to those dimensions provide the prospective international business partners with the necessary background for successful communication of their cultures. Hereinafter the business cultures of USA and India are compared and contrasted in terms of the characteristics mentioned. Hierarchy and egalitarianism In the organization of the whole society, the principles of hierarchy and egalitarianism play a defining role. Those two approaches to modeling social relations represent antipodes of social perception of power and authority. In hierarchical societies organizational and social structures are characterized by rigid stratification, which presupposes limited communication between representatives of different strata (Ste ers at al., 2010, p. 212). Indian society is an obvious example of such hierarchy, with its caste system quoted not infrequently but actually playing a minor role in business communication (Katz, 2008a, p. 1). What matters more is their attitude to social class as the defining factor in one’s life success or failure, reflecting the Indian reverence to fatalism (Lewis, 2000, p. 341). Transition between social classes is mostly impossible, and therefore one’s family status is the criterion of one’s accomplishments. Status should be accepted with deference and dignified by appropriate dress and behavior (Solomon and Shell, 2009, pp. 79–80). On the other hand, American society is marked by an unprecedented egalitarianism: everyone is equal and possesses equal opportunities for success. Rags-to-riches stories and tales of self-made men form the Americans strongly egalitarian mindset and result in their relative disregard for initial social stratification (Solo mon and Shell, 2009, p. 79). Relationships and group focus Resulting from the aforementioned cultural standard are the peculiarities of relationships characterizing the two cultures. In the United States, individualism is a very strong tendency in business (Locker and Kienzler, 2008, p. 438). During negotiations managers tend to take decisions independently of the main office, which could hardly be acceptable in an Indian society (Lewis, 2000, p. 167; Katz, 2008b, p.  3). Indian business is concentrated within a family and works for the whole family interest; family honor is what matters most, and the whole business turns around it (Lewis, 2000, p. 341). This attitude to one’s business as equaled to one’s extended family is contrasted by the American view of business objective: for them, the main purpose of doing business is making as much profit as possible in the shortest time period (Lewis, 2000, p. 167). Such uncomplicated philosophy of American business aimed at purely materialistic goals entails certain harshness and haste in American way of conducting deals: ‘first come first served’ and ‘time is money’ are the quotes that characterize the US business attitudes best.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International Management Report: Cultural Profiling of USA and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Time orientation Attitudes to time and ways of handling time issues represent another stumbling block for cross-cultural communication between the Indian and the American businesses. American ‘time is money’ policy results in the high demands for punctuality and fast efficient action within the given time limits. Being on time and meeting deadlines is a must, since otherwise the American’s tight schedule would be upset, diminishing the chances for profit. On the contrary, the Indians do not work by the clock, and their notion of time is quite relaxed. This is partially explainable by the religious idea of reincarnation popular in the Indian culture: since everything can reoccur (even if in another life), there is no need to cease the moment immediately (Lewis, 2000, p. 342). Meetings can be postponed, rescheduled, and held in a relaxed way without pressure for time and speed. If an Indian partner asks to wait for two minutes before he settles another issue, one should not be surprised that those two minutes turn into hours at least. This is yet another example of the Indian view of time, as well as it is an illustration of their way of handling business. Communication styles In general, the Indian business culture operates in the framework of cooperativeness and helpfulness. Therefore, it dictates the rule of saying ‘yes’ to a request even if there is hardly a possibility to fulfill what is asked (Steers et al., 2010, p. 213). Afterwards the Indian will hold the business up and avoid any dir ect action or movement till it becomes obvious that the promise will never be kept at all. Unhurriedness characterizes the Indian negotiating style in general. Respecting the presenter, the Indians are always â€Å"ready to listen at length to an eloquent, respectful speaker† (Lewis, 2000, p. 343; cf. Fig. 2). They would start negotiations with a view to long verbose discussions, employing â€Å"long, indirect, poetic sentences† and â€Å"elegant language† (Locker and Kienzler, 2008, p. 438). Their statements are figural and the florid wording needs to be deciphered for clarity. This peculiarity of the Indian communication style is totally opposed by the rapid, concrete, and straightforward flow of American speech. Striving to get their deals done as fast as possible, the impatient American businessmen cannot tolerate any lulls or long pauses in the conversation. They discharge a stream of information at their interlocutors and constantly pressure them by inquir ing whether they got a deal: first comes the deal, while discussing the details is postponed for later (Lewis, 2000, p. 168). Recommendations From all the aforementioned fact it becomes obvious that successful cross-cultural communication between the Indian and the American business partners is endangered by a whole range of cultural discrepancies.Advertising Looking for report on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to minimize the risks of failure, it is significant to work out compromising strategies that would mitigate the opposition between the cultures and ensure an efficient cooperation between the international teams. Bearing in mind the peculiarities of the Indian business culture, the American managers could undertake the following steps. Addressing hierarchy First, with regard to the importance of hierarchy and group in the Indian society, it would be advisable to organize a solidary and well-knit team of negotiators. Leaving aside the individualistic trends of American management, such team would benefit the overall image of the negotiation process and contribute to the Indian party’s respect for the American company. The external indication of hierarchical importance should not be neglected either: the generally informal, casual style of American clothing should be changed to a more appropriate outfit that would emphasize the authority and significance of the negotia ting team members. Addressing family significance Second, considering the ultimate significance of family relations for the Indian society, it would be advisable not only to entertain the Indian guests in public places but also to introduce them to the family circle of the American negotiating party. Family hospitality and generosity make the Indians feel welcome and at ease with the foreign reality, therefore the level of intimacy may be as high as inviting the Indian guests to a personal family party on the occasion of a birthday anniversary or a wedding reception. Otherwise, keeping the Indians out of one’s family may be regarded as disregard and lack of interest in the potential business partner. Addressing time issues Third, since time perception is diametrically opposite in Indian and American cultures, time issues should be taken care of in advance. A set of agreements about timeliness should be accepted by the parties, so that the Indian party is constantly reminded a bout what exactly should be done in a given period of time. On the other hand, the schedule should be flexible enough to allow for some lengthy discussions which would let Indian negotiators feel confident of the negotiations success. In this connection it is also reasonable to be prepared for discussing the details in-depth before concluding the deal. Addressing communication style Last but not least, bearing in mind the Indian’s tendency to politeness and responsiveness rather than assertiveness and pressure, it is important to recognize that not all the affirmative responses from the Indian party mean the positive outcome of their words. Therefore, a background research should be conducted to ensure that the Indian party can actually fulfill the assumed obligations. Moreover, knowing that oral commitments are more significant to the Indian culture than written ones, it is vital to treat all the verbal agreements with utmost care, in order to avoid future misunderstandings. Conclusion As it appears, cross-cultural communication presents a stumbling point for businesses around the world. In case with American and Indian cooperation, the communication process is complicated by a whole set of discrepancies ranging from social perceptions of hierarch to time orientation. Therefore, various precautionary measures are advisable for the American party to take in order to ensure efficient and successful business negotiation. References Katz, L. (2008a) Negotiating international business — India. Web. Katz, L. (2008b) Negotiating international business — United States. Web. Lewis, A. D. (2000) When cultures collide: Managing successfully across cultures. 2nd edition. London, Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Locker, K. O. Kienzler, D. S. (2008) Business and administrative communication. New York (NY), McGraw Hill / Irwin. Solomon, C. Schell, M. S. (2009) Managing across cultures: The 7 keys to doing business with a global mindset. Hightstown (NJ), M cGraw Hill Education. Steers, R. M., Sanchez-Runde, C. Nardon, L. (2010) Management across cultures: Challenges and strategies. New York (NY), Cambridge University Press. Appendices Fig. 1. Views of communication in high- and low-context cultures. Cited in: Locker, K. O. Kienzler, D. S. (2008) Business and administrative communication. New York (NY), McGraw Hill / Irwin. P. 436. Fig. 2. The Indian listening habits. Source: Lewis, A. D. (2000) When cultures collide: Managing successfully across cultures. 2nd edition. London, Nicholas Brealey Publishing. P. 343. 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