My Interested Job As The Icon Of My Choice Essay

Everyone desires to be unique in their own way, most people especially students possess an occupational wish immediately they join the early stages of education. Some would like to be identified with certain jobs, hobbies, affiliating groups or even movies. This paper majorly illustrates my interested job as the icon of my choice; the icons have been selected from the medical field in relation to the eye. Each of the icon is referring to an eye specialist hence the theme is common. Since I am interested in becoming an optometrist, I have decided to choose other two related jobs dealing in eye disorders, these are optician and ophthalmologist. Since I desire a profession dealing in eye, the three icons I have mentioned would be of great relevance to me in my entire professional life. In the succeeding paragraphs, the three icons have been explained in   three ways, that is what they are and what they deal in, why they represent me what and why they mean something tome and how they h ave improved my life.   The paper will also explain how I intend to become or embrace the icons. OPTOMETRIST This is a profession in health care that is concerned with the eye and its related structures. It deals in visual system, information on vision processing and vision in humans as well. Optometrists are qualified to treat and diagnose eye diseases like glaucoma and even infections. The eye and its structures and the mechanisms involved has captivated scientists and the general public since the ancient times, therefore many people have been involved in it and this is my point of interest. Many patients are usually more concerned with eye related disorders than other diseases; the knowledge that one may experience an eye problem has an upsetting effect on the psychology of an individual, the same effect even spread to economy and social life. This makes the profession a point of interest to me as I would prefer helping and interacting with such individuals. Many people with visual problems need vital assistance with the activities of their daily living and are usually unable to gain ful l employment that they initially possessed before they developed the defect. It therefore results into terrible challenges to the victims. It would be my interest in the future to assist the eye disorder victims in maintaining of ocular health and correcting their eye problems that may limit their vision and contribute deeply to the ability to appreciate longer lifespan that the medicine can allow. This profession is therefore very vital due to the quality that vision has in life, hence many optometrists consider their job very rewarding, and that is why I intend to be one. As such optometry is tied to the vision science, optics and optical assistance, optical instruments of imaging techniques among other eye care professions. The nature of work in optometry includes examining people’s eye in order to diagnose the detected vision problems. These problems may include shortsightedness and long-sightedness, color perception and ability to coordinate and focus the eyes; they may prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses or even provide treatment like vision therapy and low visual rehabilitation. Optometrists may also test for glaucoma and other eye disorders and even diagnose those conditions caused by systemic diseases such as high blood pressure and diabetes. They also prescribe medication to treat vision disorders or eye problem and provide both pre operative and postoperative care to cataract victims. Optometrists may also specialize in fields like contact lenses, pediatrics, and geriatrics or vision therapy. This has resulted in the formation of professional groups depending on the area of specialization and still they remain practitioners. For instance, some may specialize in developing ways of protecting worker’s eye from job related diseases, occupational vision while others may focus on sports vision, ocular diseases, head trauma and special testing. Some even teach optometry, perform research and consult at the same time. This is a major reaso n why I am interested in the profession and is my major icon. To become an optometrist, a doctor of optometry degree is needed and this requires a completion of a four year degree program in the accredited school of optometry. This is usually a competitive program which admits very few candidates and therefore commitment is necessary and that is what I advocate. Since the requirement for admission include Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology which I possess a great background in, I therefore believe I am capable of practicing the profession. This icon therefore means life to me and represents me in that I possess what it takes to be one, it will therefore improve my life in the actualization stage as I help others achieve their goals and mission. OPHTHALMOLOGIST This is a specialist who deals with medical and surgical eye problems. This profession is one of the branches in medicine that deal in the physiology, anatomy and diseases of the eye. As a discipline, ophthalmology applies to animal eye as well; this broadens the practice, since the distinctions in human practice are minor and related mainly to the differences in prevalence or anatomy and not differences in the disease processes. Ophthalmologist is therefore a medical doctor specialized in vision care and the eye. They are trained to provide a full spectrum of the eye care, prescribing contact lenses and glasses to delicate and complex eye surgery. They are sometimes involved in the eye research as well. This makes the profession my point of interest. This profession requires a four year training and one year internship which should be hospital based. They are trained in all aspects of eye care and prevention, medical and surgery treatment of the conditions of the eye including diagn osis of the same. Some of the specific areas of training include; cornea and the external disorders, glaucoma, ophthalmic pathology, Neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology and vitriol retinal diseases. Both the diagnosis and management of these diseases are intensively learnt with several practical demonstrations like transplantation involved in the training. Practitioners may specialize in different field such as corneal diseases, glaucoma, retina and vitreous diseases, pediatric eye problems and plastic surgery. This is a major contribution of this profession to be my preference icon, with several options to specialize, one can easily identify what he or she can perform best and since it is geared towards assisting people which is my aim in life, I prefer it to other professions. Optometrists and family doctors are known to often refer the patients experiencing serious eye problems to ophthalmologists due to their extensive training as they can always link eye problems to ot her diseases for instance, they are usually he first to identify and detect brain tumor, multiple sclerosis and even diabetes. Ophthalmologists usually use a variety of different instrument such as ophthalmoscopes, which enables easy visualization of the inner part of the eye. They can then prescribe contact lenses, medicine and eye glasses or even recommend eye exercises and where required with urgency, they perform surgery. For this to take place, extensive training after high school for four years in medical school is necessary. This means a lot to me as I aspire to become an eye specialist, therefore in reference to this, I prefer the icon, it would improve my life as I assist the victims as I actualize my professional life. OPTICIAN This is a person who deals in optical devises. A medical practitioner trained on filling the prescriptions for the correction of the eye in the field of medicine. Opticians also make optical devices and are also known as dispensing optician. They determine the specifications of different ophthalmic appliances that gives necessary corrections to an individual’s eyesight. Some opticians also manufacture lenses to their own stipulations and design spectacle frames and some other devices. Opticians work in a variety of settings like as independent or joint practice, retail stores or hospital eye care centers. This is not always the case as opticians need to get registered in order to meet the set standards of practice. They also commit to an ongoing education and hold professional liability if any arises. They usually consult a client in order to design optical appliances or ophthalmic to best meet their needs. Information is usually gathered from the patients on the eye and the f acial features. In proving the service, opticians are expected to use variety of instrument which usually ranges from simple devices of measuring to complex examination instrument. This is my preference icon as it is very marketable and always needed by the victims. Due to the increasing demand for contact lenses and glasses, the job growth is proportionate for dispensing opticians. This growth creates more demand for corrective lenses by those who need regular vision care hence making the profession lucrative and profitable. Therefore apart from assisting others, there is also a lot to learn and earn from the profession, for that reason, this icon means a lot to my life and I believe it will not only improve my life but also take me to the actualization stage of life. Some other things that I love with the icon is the kind of activities that one involve themselves in. such activities as taking client’s facial measurement, assisting a client to sense the type of most appropri ate glasses, keeping client’s records up to date, working together with the insurance groups to maximize the client’s benefits and even customizing the glasses fit to suit the face of the client. Such activities mean a lot to me and therefore justify my love for the profession. As s result of the nature of the work that opticians do in their daily lives, a lot of experience is needed in mathematics especially in algebra and geometry, Physics, anatomy and quality drawing. One also requires very good interpersonal communication skills as they get to interact with many people in their service delivery. For jobs like this, one do not need to wait for employment but can set up his or her own premise and begin, that is one of the reasons why I admire the profession and tops my list in the icons. In summary, the above icons actually represent me as they are what I want to become. In the medical profession, I prefer to assist those with poor vision and bring the whole world back to them. The three icons also mean life to me and improves my life as each day, I work extra hard to achieve my ambition of becoming one. The requirements of each leave me with no option but to commit myself to work. I would like to assist people gain their sight where necessary. I believe in the Icons as they inspire me to work hard and therefore they change my life in a positive way. I also believe that apart from helping people, I can also earn a living with them. Therefore they are all I need in life, my inspiration and what I want to become.

Positive Behavioral Intervention Essay - 1313 Words

Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports The Impact of Positive Reinforcement Sara Nino Dallas Baptist University Abstract I chose to research the Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports approach to positive reinforcement. I wanted to find out if this approach taught temporary or long-term (positive) behavioral changes. I researched this approach and compared it to the Responsive Classroom approach. In order to determine its effectiveness, I looked at referral data at Nimitz High School provided around this time this last year, and compared it to its current numbers. While it showed beneficial changes last year, I found an increase in behavioral problems this year. I also attempted to look at the reasoning behind the†¦show more content†¦I work at a school which implements P.B.I.S., also known as P.B.S. (Positive Behavior Supports). Our school P.B.I.S./P.B.S. goals include the following: * Reduction in referrals; * Encourage atmosphere of achievement; * Build upon the positive actions of the students; * Teach positive character traits; and * Instill a sense of community and s chool pride. Behavior is reinforced when one or more of the following Guidelines for Success (G.F.S.) are met: * Self-Disciplined * Trustworthy * Respectful * Organized * Neatly Dressed * Goal Oriented All students are encouraged to be Viking S.T.R.O.N.G. When a student is found to exhibit an S.T.R.O.N.G. characteristic by a teacher, administrator, or other staff member may reward them with a Viking Buck. This is based on their discretion but it is their responsibility to inform the student which G.F.S. they have met and why. In turn, the student may redeem their Viking Buck(s) and enter into a six week drawing for items such as a tablet, Beats, etc. Our school deans work closely with students who fall under secondary and tertiary prevention. They provided a one-on-one review of rules and expectations as well as behavioral contracts as needed. I was asked to join the P.B.I.S. committee early on, last year. It was a new program implemented at Nimitz High School. During that school year, the followingShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe social and psychological interventions play the major role in guiding towards the appropriate treatment of mental health issues because psychosocial interventions had a positive effect on quality of life and positive mental health. Social interventions significantly improved positive mental health, life satisfaction and quality of life (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health and Behavior, 2001). 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Intermediate Quantitative Methods for Accounting†MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Intermediate Quantitative Methods for Accounting. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses the use of statistical analysis techniques in business reporting. The International Union of Accountants belongs to a body of accounting firms all over the globe that seeks to improving corporate governance. This paper seeks to report on the environmental accounting compliance of different accounting firms across the globe. The accounting firms are under the control of the Accounting Director of International Union of Accountants and therefore the data is readily available. The variables under investigation in this paper include environmental accounting compliance scores for this year, last year, and a year before last year, percentage of accountants in the selected firms with at least an accounting degree and type of country for each accounting firm. The environmental accounting scores are represented as an average, this is because average is the best measure in descriptive analysis to represent quantitative data, percentage of accountants in different accounting firms is represented as categorical variable where 1 = less than 50% of accountants have an accounting degree and 2 = at least 50% of the accountants have an accounting degree, and the type of country is presented as ordinal variable where 1 = first word countries, 2 = second world countries, and 3 = third world countries(Bhat 2010). The statistical analysis involved in this paper are inferential statistics. Statistical inference is a process which information is acquired about populations from the samples(Cameron 2013). Hypothesis testing and estimation are the two major procedures in making inferences. In estimation, the main objective is determining the value of population parameter based on sample statistic(Carlberg 2014). The process involved in estimation include identification of parameter being estimated, specification of the parameters estimator and the sampling distribution, and construction of interval estimator. In hypothesis testing the main purpose is determining whether there is significant evidence favoring a certain belief about parameters(Chatterjee 2013). Under hypothesis testing we have null and alternative hypothesis and the main objective is reject or not to reject the null hypothesis. Rejecting the null hypothesis refers to that there is substantial or significant evidence to conclude the alternative hypothesis is true. Failing to reject the null hypothesis we conclude there is no significant evidence to support the alternative hypothesis(Cramer 2007). The steps involved in testing hypothesis are as follows: Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% Definition of the decision rule Calculating value of the test statistic Conclusion from the results. Finally from the results that will be obtained, a conclusion will be reached on specific research questions that the Director wished to address, summarizing and discussion of the limitations will also be addressed. Is the percentage of accountants in each firm who has at least one university degree in accounting related to country type? The test statistic to be used in this research question is the Chi-Square test of independence and the Cramers V value(Elliott 2007). The Chi-Square test of independence is a statistical test that is used in determining with there is a significant relationship between two nominal or categorical variables(Heckard 2012). In our case the variables under investigation are country type and percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and both are categorical variables. The population of interest in this research question is the percentage of accountants with at least one university degree in accounting and the type of country an accountant is from(Connor n.d.). Following the steps in testing hypothesis, Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. H0: The percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from are independent or there is no significant relationship between percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from. H1: The percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from are dependent or there is a significant relationship between percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from. Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the Chi-Square test of independence. This the most appropriate test statistic to use because the variables under investigation are both nominal(Epsetein n.d.). Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Definition of the decision rule The decision rule used in this test is should the p-value ( defined as the smallest value of that leads to rejection of the null hypothesis) be less than the level of significance the null hypothesis will be rejected(Cramer, Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis 2007). Calculating value of the test statistic Table 1 Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Acc-Dgr% at time t * Country classification 60 100.0% 0 .0% 60 100.0% Table 1 above represents the total number of firms under study. Therefore, from the results above, we had 60 firms and none of the firms had a missing data. Acc-Dgr% at time t * Country classification Crosstabulation Count Country classification Total First World Countries Second World Countries Third World Countries Acc-Dgr% at time t Less than 50% 2 7 21 30 At least 50% 13 12 5 30 Total 15 19 26 60 Table 2 above summarizes both variables under study. Firms with less than 50% of accountants who had an accounting degree and those with at least 50% were at par with 30 each. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 19.229a 2 .000 Likelihood Ratio 20.933 2 .000 Linear-by-Linear Association 18.389 1 .000 N of Valid Cases 60 a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 7.50. Table 3 above represents the Chi-Square tests results of the variables under study. The p-value 0.0000 is less than the level of significance at both 1% and 5%. Therefore, we fail to accept the null hypothesis and conclude that the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from are dependent or there is a significant relationship between percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from. Symmetric Measures Value Asymp. Std. Errora Approx. Tb Approx. Sig. Nominal by Nominal Phi .566 .000 Cramer's V .566 .000 Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.558 .097 -5.125 .000c Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.564 .098 -5.200 .000c N of Valid Cases 60 a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. c. Based on normal approximation. Table 4 indicates the measure of association between the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from, this is represented as Cramers V(Lee n.d.). Conclusion from the results. Results obtained from the Chi-Square test of independence reveal that there is an association between the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from(Stott 2010). This can be interpreted as at least 50% of accountants from first world countries have an accounting degree while less than 50% of accountants in third world countries have an accounting degree. The relationship between the percentage of accountants with at least one accounting degree and the type of country an accountant is from is strong as this is depicted by the Cramers V of 0.566(Levin 2010). Therefore, we can conclude that the percentage of accountants in each firm who has at least one university degree in accounting is related to country type(Triola, Elementary Statistics using Excel 2010). This is well illustrated in the column chart below Is there evidence of different environmental compliance scores (EAC) over the three-year period The test statistic to be used in this research question is the one-way analysis of variance which is an extension of the two-sample t test(Liu 2012). This test is used when there are several means to be compared. If the ANOVA indicates that the means are not equal, this means that the means are an unequal and a post hoc analysis on the means can be carried out to rank the difference in means(Moy n.d.). The population of interest in this research question is the average of environmental accounting compliance scores of the accounting firms under investigation(Donnelly 2013). Following the steps in testing hypothesis Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. The hypothesis being tested in this research question is as follows: H0: There is no significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores over the three year period of study. H1: There is a significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores over the three year period of study. Before deciding on which test statistic to use, it is wise to test for normality of the data in order to know whether the data follows normality or not(Ryan 2012). Data that follows normal distribution allows parametric distribution techniques to be used in data analysis while data that fails to follow a normal distribution assumes non-parametric techniques of analysis. Since the sample size is greater than 20, Shapiro-Wilk test will be used to test for normality, if the sample size was less than 20, Kolmogorov-Smirnov would have been used(Spicer 2005). Tests of Normality Country classification Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. EAC-Scrs this year (t) First World Countries .129 15 .200* .923 15 .214 Second World Countries .101 19 .200* .966 19 .694 Third World Countries .110 26 .200* .960 26 .400 EAC-Scrs last year (t-1) First World Countries .129 15 .200* .928 15 .256 Second World Countries .164 19 .191 .922 19 .125 Third World Countries .150 26 .138 .973 26 .689 EAC-Scrs the year before last year (t-2) First World Countries .142 15 .200* .956 15 .628 Second World Countries .131 19 .200* .929 19 .166 Third World Countries .120 26 .200* .978 26 .840 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction *. This is a lower bound of the true significance. Table 1 above represents the results for testing normality, all the p-values for environment accounting compliance scores in all the three years is greater than the level of significance at 1% and 5%. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the data follows normality(Triola 2010). The test statistic to be used will therefore be a parametric distribution. This is also explained in the histograms below: Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the Analysis of Variance. This the most appropriate test statistic to use because we have more than two means to compare. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Definition of the decision rule The decision rule used in this test is should the p-value ( defined as the smallest value of that leads to rejection of the null hypothesis) be less than the level of significance the null hypothesis will be rejected. Rejecting the null hypothesis is an indication that there is mean from one group that is not equal to the rest of the means. Calculating value of the test statistic Table 2 above indicates the ANOVA results of the environmental accounting compliance scores for the past three years. The p-value in all three years is less than the significance level at 1% and 5%. Therefore, we fail to accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores across the three years. Conclusion from the results. From the results obtained in the ANOVA we can comfortably conclude that there is sufficient evidence of different environmental compliance scores (EAC) over the three-year period. This means that across the three year period different accounting firms had different environmental accounting compliance scores. Is there evidence to suggest that the environmental compliance scores (EAC) for this year (time t) is greater than two years ago (time t-2) among the 60 selected accounting firms? The test statistic to be used in this research question will be one sample t-test. This is because we are comparing two means of environmental compliance scores for this year (time t) and that of two years ago (time t-2). Since we are not comparing whether the two means are equal but rather whether the environmental compliance scores for this year (time t) is greater than that of two years ago, the test will be one tailed and not two tailed test(Terrell 2012). The population of interest in this research question is the average of environmental accounting compliance scores of the accounting firms under investigation for this year and those of two years ago. Following the steps in testing hypothesis Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. The hypothesis being tested in this research question is as follows: H0: There is no significant difference in means of the environmental accounting compliance scores for this year and those of two years ago. H1: The environmental compliance scores for this year are greater than those of two years ago. This hypothesis can be re-written as H0: 0 = 1 = 0 H1: 0 1 Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the one sample t-test. This the most appropriate test statistic to use because we are comparing two means. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10% The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Calculating value of the test statistic One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper EAC-Scrs this year (t) 55.279 59 .000 62.8717 60.596 65.147 EAC-Scrs the year before last year (t-2) 50.048 59 .000 59.7050 57.318 62.092 Table 1 above represents the results from one sample t-test. The p-value is less than the significance level at both 1% and 5% and indicates a positive t-statistic. Therefore, we fail to accept the null hypothesis and conclude that this years environmental compliance scores is greater than that of two years ago(Topics in Applied Statistics 2016). Conclusion from the results Results from the t-test indicates that this years is environmental compliance scores are greater than those of two years ago. This can be explained in the positive t-test statistic obtained from the results. If the t-test statistic would be negative, we would have concluded that the environmental compliance score for this year is less than that of two years ago. Is there evidence to suggest that this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting is lower than this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting? The test statistic to be used in this research question will be the independent t-test. This is because we are comparing the mean of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting whether is lower than this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting(Newbold 2013). Since we are not comparing whether the two means are equal but rather whether the environmental compliance scores for this year (time t) is greater than that of two years ago, the test will be one tailed and not two tailed test. The grouping factor in this test will be accounting degree at time t. The population of interest in this research question is the average of environmental accounting compliance scores of the accounting firms under investigation for this year and the percentage of accountants who have at least one university degree in accounting. Following the steps in testing hypothesis Setting up the null and alternative hypothesis denoted as H0 and H1 respectively. The hypothesis being tested in this research question is as follows: H0: There is no significant difference in the mean of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting and this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. H1: The mean of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting whether is lower than this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. This hypothesis can be re-written as H0: 0 = 1 = 0 H1: 0 1 Determination of the test statistic and the sampling distribution. The test statistic to be used is the independent t-test. This the most appropriate test statistic. Specification of the significance level, usually set as 1%, 5%, or 10%. The test will be tested at both 1% and 5% level of significance. Calculating value of the test statistic Group Statistics Acc-Dgr% at time t N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean EAC-Scrs this year (t) dimension1 Less than 50% 30 58.750 7.9148 1.4450 At least 50% 30 66.993 7.7532 1.4155 Table 1 represents the descriptive statistics of this years environmental compliance scores grouped by the percentage of accountants who have at least one university degree in accounting. Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference EAC-Scrs this year (t) Equal variances assumed 0.01 0.9 -4.08 58 0 -8.2433 2.0228 Equal variances not assumed -4.08 57.98 0 -8.2433 2.0228 Table 2 above indicates the t-test statistic between mean difference of environmental compliance scores of this year (time t) of accounting firms that have less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting and this years environmental compliance scores of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. Since we have a negative t-test statistic, we can conclude that there is evidence to suggest that this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has less than 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting is lower than this year environmental compliance scores (EAC) of accounting firms which has at least 50% accountants with at least one university degree in accounting. Bibliography Bhat, K. S. 2010. Quantitative analysis for business decisions. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. Cameron, A. C. And Trivedi, P.K. 2013. Regression analysis of count data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carlberg, C. 2014. Statistical Analysis. Carlberg: Upper Saddle River. Chatterjee, S. And Simonoff, J. S. 2013. Handbook of regression anaysis. Hoboken: Wiley Sons. Connor, G., Goldberg, L. R. And korajczyk, R. A. n.d. Portfolio risk analysis. Cramer, D. 2007. Advanced Quantitative Data Analyis. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd. Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd. Donnelly, R. A. 2013. Business Statistics. Boston: Pearson. Elliott, A. C. And Woodward, W. A. 2007. Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Epsetein, M. J. And Lee, J. Y. n.d. Advances in management accounting. Epstein. Heckard, R. F., Utts, J. M. And Utts, J. M. 2012. Statistics. Australia: Cengage Learning. Lee, C. F. And Lee, J. C. n.d. Handbook of financial econometrics and statistics. Levin, J., Fox, J. A. And Forde, D. R. 2010. Elementary statistics in social research. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Liu, M. 2012. Power and sample size for some chi-square goodness of fit tests. Liu, Mozhu. Moy, R. L., Chen, L. And Kao, L. J. n.d. Study guide for statistics for business and finacial economics. Newbold, P., Carlson, W. L. And Thorne, B. 2013. Statistics for business and economics. Essex: Pearson Education. Ryan, T. P. 2012. Modern regression methods. New York: Wiley. Spicer, J. 2005. Making sense of multivariate data analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Stott, J. R., Truman, M., Lymer, A. And Azmat, N. 2010. Basic accounting. Abingdon: Bookpoint Ltd. Terrell, S. R. 2012. Statistics Translated. New York: Guilford Press. Topics in Applied Statistics. Springer Verlag. Triola, M. F. 2010. Elementary Statistics. Upper Saddle River: Perason Education. 2010. Elementary Statistics using Excel. Boston: Addision-Wesley.

International Management Report Cultural Profiling of USA and India

Introduction In the rapidly developing modern world, the process of globalization is the defining factor and the key feature of international relations. Economies, societies, and whole cultures merge and integrate as a result of the ever-growing system of global communication and trade. The decisive role in the process of globalization is played by economic factors: international business, foreign investment, intellectual and technological exchange, — all these components contribute to globalization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International Management Report: Cultural Profiling of USA and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More and more nations are becoming involved into international interaction and are consequently facing the communicational challenges set by the traditional cultural barriers. Misunderstandings emerge within multinational teams since their members are simply unaware of differen t perceptions and expectations inherent in their foreign colleagues’ philosophy of life and cultural outlook. When maintaining international business communication it is vital to be aware of the multiple stylistic peculiarities inherent in communicative processes of various nations and cultures. One of the most frequent cultural collisions occurs between the representatives of the East and the West, since they bear diametrically opposite values and communicational standards. As an example, business communication should be planned especially cautiously between the representatives of India and the USA, since those two nations demonstrate typical instances of high-context culture and low-context culture, with all the ensuing consequences (cf. Fig.1). Complex approach to cultural differences Cultural differences have been one of the major issues in research on business communication. Success or failure in international business is defined by the level of partners’ flexibil ity, openness, and readiness to accept and compromise with each other’s cultural standards. Locker and Kienzler (2008) define a â€Å"successful international communicator† as a person who is â€Å"†¦ aware of the values, beliefs, and practices in other cultures; sensitive to differences among individuals within a culture; aware that his or her preferred values and behaviors are influenced by culture and are not necessarily â€Å"right†; sensitive to verbal and nonverbal behavior; flexible and open to change† (p.  432). Therefore, a complex approach including a whole array of factors is required when investigating the cultural peculiarities of international partners. One of the comprehensive approaches suggested in the research literature is Solomon and Schell’s (2009) scheme comprising seven key characteristics (or â€Å"dimensions†) of cross-cultural communication: hierarchy and egalitarianism; group focus; relationships; communicat ion styles; time orientation; change tolerance; and motivation or work-life balance (p. 53).Advertising Looking for report on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consideration for and attention to those dimensions provide the prospective international business partners with the necessary background for successful communication of their cultures. Hereinafter the business cultures of USA and India are compared and contrasted in terms of the characteristics mentioned. Hierarchy and egalitarianism In the organization of the whole society, the principles of hierarchy and egalitarianism play a defining role. Those two approaches to modeling social relations represent antipodes of social perception of power and authority. In hierarchical societies organizational and social structures are characterized by rigid stratification, which presupposes limited communication between representatives of different strata (Ste ers at al., 2010, p. 212). Indian society is an obvious example of such hierarchy, with its caste system quoted not infrequently but actually playing a minor role in business communication (Katz, 2008a, p. 1). What matters more is their attitude to social class as the defining factor in one’s life success or failure, reflecting the Indian reverence to fatalism (Lewis, 2000, p. 341). Transition between social classes is mostly impossible, and therefore one’s family status is the criterion of one’s accomplishments. Status should be accepted with deference and dignified by appropriate dress and behavior (Solomon and Shell, 2009, pp. 79–80). On the other hand, American society is marked by an unprecedented egalitarianism: everyone is equal and possesses equal opportunities for success. Rags-to-riches stories and tales of self-made men form the Americans strongly egalitarian mindset and result in their relative disregard for initial social stratification (Solo mon and Shell, 2009, p. 79). Relationships and group focus Resulting from the aforementioned cultural standard are the peculiarities of relationships characterizing the two cultures. In the United States, individualism is a very strong tendency in business (Locker and Kienzler, 2008, p. 438). During negotiations managers tend to take decisions independently of the main office, which could hardly be acceptable in an Indian society (Lewis, 2000, p. 167; Katz, 2008b, p.  3). Indian business is concentrated within a family and works for the whole family interest; family honor is what matters most, and the whole business turns around it (Lewis, 2000, p. 341). This attitude to one’s business as equaled to one’s extended family is contrasted by the American view of business objective: for them, the main purpose of doing business is making as much profit as possible in the shortest time period (Lewis, 2000, p. 167). Such uncomplicated philosophy of American business aimed at purely materialistic goals entails certain harshness and haste in American way of conducting deals: ‘first come first served’ and ‘time is money’ are the quotes that characterize the US business attitudes best.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International Management Report: Cultural Profiling of USA and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Time orientation Attitudes to time and ways of handling time issues represent another stumbling block for cross-cultural communication between the Indian and the American businesses. American ‘time is money’ policy results in the high demands for punctuality and fast efficient action within the given time limits. Being on time and meeting deadlines is a must, since otherwise the American’s tight schedule would be upset, diminishing the chances for profit. On the contrary, the Indians do not work by the clock, and their notion of time is quite relaxed. This is partially explainable by the religious idea of reincarnation popular in the Indian culture: since everything can reoccur (even if in another life), there is no need to cease the moment immediately (Lewis, 2000, p. 342). Meetings can be postponed, rescheduled, and held in a relaxed way without pressure for time and speed. If an Indian partner asks to wait for two minutes before he settles another issue, one should not be surprised that those two minutes turn into hours at least. This is yet another example of the Indian view of time, as well as it is an illustration of their way of handling business. Communication styles In general, the Indian business culture operates in the framework of cooperativeness and helpfulness. Therefore, it dictates the rule of saying ‘yes’ to a request even if there is hardly a possibility to fulfill what is asked (Steers et al., 2010, p. 213). Afterwards the Indian will hold the business up and avoid any dir ect action or movement till it becomes obvious that the promise will never be kept at all. Unhurriedness characterizes the Indian negotiating style in general. Respecting the presenter, the Indians are always â€Å"ready to listen at length to an eloquent, respectful speaker† (Lewis, 2000, p. 343; cf. Fig. 2). They would start negotiations with a view to long verbose discussions, employing â€Å"long, indirect, poetic sentences† and â€Å"elegant language† (Locker and Kienzler, 2008, p. 438). Their statements are figural and the florid wording needs to be deciphered for clarity. This peculiarity of the Indian communication style is totally opposed by the rapid, concrete, and straightforward flow of American speech. Striving to get their deals done as fast as possible, the impatient American businessmen cannot tolerate any lulls or long pauses in the conversation. They discharge a stream of information at their interlocutors and constantly pressure them by inquir ing whether they got a deal: first comes the deal, while discussing the details is postponed for later (Lewis, 2000, p. 168). Recommendations From all the aforementioned fact it becomes obvious that successful cross-cultural communication between the Indian and the American business partners is endangered by a whole range of cultural discrepancies.Advertising Looking for report on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to minimize the risks of failure, it is significant to work out compromising strategies that would mitigate the opposition between the cultures and ensure an efficient cooperation between the international teams. Bearing in mind the peculiarities of the Indian business culture, the American managers could undertake the following steps. Addressing hierarchy First, with regard to the importance of hierarchy and group in the Indian society, it would be advisable to organize a solidary and well-knit team of negotiators. Leaving aside the individualistic trends of American management, such team would benefit the overall image of the negotiation process and contribute to the Indian party’s respect for the American company. The external indication of hierarchical importance should not be neglected either: the generally informal, casual style of American clothing should be changed to a more appropriate outfit that would emphasize the authority and significance of the negotia ting team members. Addressing family significance Second, considering the ultimate significance of family relations for the Indian society, it would be advisable not only to entertain the Indian guests in public places but also to introduce them to the family circle of the American negotiating party. Family hospitality and generosity make the Indians feel welcome and at ease with the foreign reality, therefore the level of intimacy may be as high as inviting the Indian guests to a personal family party on the occasion of a birthday anniversary or a wedding reception. Otherwise, keeping the Indians out of one’s family may be regarded as disregard and lack of interest in the potential business partner. Addressing time issues Third, since time perception is diametrically opposite in Indian and American cultures, time issues should be taken care of in advance. A set of agreements about timeliness should be accepted by the parties, so that the Indian party is constantly reminded a bout what exactly should be done in a given period of time. On the other hand, the schedule should be flexible enough to allow for some lengthy discussions which would let Indian negotiators feel confident of the negotiations success. In this connection it is also reasonable to be prepared for discussing the details in-depth before concluding the deal. Addressing communication style Last but not least, bearing in mind the Indian’s tendency to politeness and responsiveness rather than assertiveness and pressure, it is important to recognize that not all the affirmative responses from the Indian party mean the positive outcome of their words. Therefore, a background research should be conducted to ensure that the Indian party can actually fulfill the assumed obligations. Moreover, knowing that oral commitments are more significant to the Indian culture than written ones, it is vital to treat all the verbal agreements with utmost care, in order to avoid future misunderstandings. Conclusion As it appears, cross-cultural communication presents a stumbling point for businesses around the world. In case with American and Indian cooperation, the communication process is complicated by a whole set of discrepancies ranging from social perceptions of hierarch to time orientation. Therefore, various precautionary measures are advisable for the American party to take in order to ensure efficient and successful business negotiation. References Katz, L. (2008a) Negotiating international business — India. Web. Katz, L. (2008b) Negotiating international business — United States. Web. Lewis, A. D. (2000) When cultures collide: Managing successfully across cultures. 2nd edition. London, Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Locker, K. O. Kienzler, D. S. (2008) Business and administrative communication. New York (NY), McGraw Hill / Irwin. Solomon, C. Schell, M. S. (2009) Managing across cultures: The 7 keys to doing business with a global mindset. Hightstown (NJ), M cGraw Hill Education. Steers, R. M., Sanchez-Runde, C. Nardon, L. (2010) Management across cultures: Challenges and strategies. New York (NY), Cambridge University Press. Appendices Fig. 1. Views of communication in high- and low-context cultures. Cited in: Locker, K. O. Kienzler, D. S. (2008) Business and administrative communication. New York (NY), McGraw Hill / Irwin. P. 436. Fig. 2. The Indian listening habits. Source: Lewis, A. D. (2000) When cultures collide: Managing successfully across cultures. 2nd edition. London, Nicholas Brealey Publishing. P. 343. 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Raphael Semmes in the Civil War

Raphael Semmes in the Civil War Raphael Semmes - Early Life Career: Born in Charles County, MD on September 27, 1809, Raphael Semmes was the fourth child of Richard and Catherine Middleton Semmes. Orphaned at an early age, he moved to Georgetown, DC to live with his uncle and later attended Charlotte Hall Military Academy. Completing his education, Semmes elected to pursue a naval career. With the assistance of another uncle, Benedict Semmes, he obtained a midshipmans warrant in the US Navy in 1826. Going to sea, Semmes learned his new trade and succeeded in passing his exams in 1832. Assigned to Norfolk, he cared for the US Navys chronometers and spent his spare time studying law. Admitted to the Maryland bar in 1834, Semmes returned to sea the following year aboard the frigate USS Constellation (38 guns). While aboard, he received a promotion to lieutenant in 1837. Assigned to the Pensacola Navy Yard in 1841, he elected to transfer his residency to Alabama. Raphael Semmes - Prewar Years: While in Florida, Semmes received his first command, the sidewheel gunboat USS Poinsett (2). Largely employed in survey work, he next took command of the brig USS Somers (10). In command when the Mexican-American War began in 1846, Semmes commenced blockade duty in the Gulf of Mexico. On December 8, Somers became caught in a severe squall and began to founder. Forced to abandon ship, Semmes and the crew went over the side. Though he was rescued, thirty-two of the crew drowned and seven were captured by the Mexicans. A subsequent court of inquiry found no fault with Semmes behavior and praised his actions during the brigs final moments. Sent ashore the following year, he took part in Major General Winfield Scotts campaign against Mexico City and served on the staff of Major General William J. Worth. With the end of the conflict, Semmes moved to Mobile, AL to await further orders. Resuming the practice of law, he wrote Service Afloat and Ashore During the Mexican War about his time in Mexico. Promoted to commander in 1855, Semmes received an assignment to the Lighthouse Board in Washington, DC. He remained in this post as sectional tensions began to rise and states started to leave the Union after the election of 1860. Feeling that his loyalties were with the newly-formed Confederacy, he resigned his commission in the US Navy on February 15, 1861. Traveling to Montgomery, AL, Semmes offered his services to President Jefferson Davis. Accepting, Davis sent him north on a mission to covertly buy arms. Returning to Montgomery in early April, Semmes was commissioned as a commander in the Confederate Navy and made head of the Lighthouse Board. Raphael Semmes - CSS Sumter: Disappointed with this assignment, Semmes lobbied Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory to allow him to convert a merchant vessel into a commerce raider. Granting this request, Mallory ordered him to New Orleans to overhaul the steamer Habana. Working through the early days of the Civil War, Semmes changed the steamer into the raider CSS Sumter (5). Completing the work, he moved down the Mississippi River and successfully breached the Union blockade on June 30. Outrunning the steam sloop USS Brooklyn (21), Sumter reached open water and began hunting Union merchant vessels. Operating off Cuba, Semmes captured eight ships before shifting south to Brazil. Sailing in southern waters into the fall, Sumter took four additional Union vessels before returning north to coal at Martinique. Departing the Caribbean in November, Semmes captured six more ships as Sumter crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Arriving at Cadiz, Spain on January 4, 1862, Sumter badly required a major overhaul. Prohibited from doing the needed work in Cadiz, Semmes moved down the coast to Gibraltar. While there, Sumter was blockaded by three Union warships including the steam sloop USS (7). Unable to move forward with repairs or escape the Union vessels, Semmes received orders on April 7 to lay up his ship and return to the Confederacy. Taking passage to the Bahamas, he reached Nassau later that spring where he learned of his promotion to captain and his assignment to command a new cruiser then under construction in Britain. Raphael Semmes - CSS Alabama: Operating in England, Confederate agent James Bulloch was tasked with establishing contacts and finding vessels for the Confederate Navy. Forced to operate through a front company to avoid issues with British neutrality, he was able to contract for the construction of a screw sloop at the yard of John Laird Sons Company in Birkenhead. Laid down in 1862, the new hull was designated #290 and launched on July 29, 1862. On August 8, Semmes joined Bulloch and the two men oversaw the construction of the new vessel. Initially known as Enrica, it was rigged as a three-masted barque and possessed a direct-acting, horizontal condensing steam engine which powered a retractable propeller. As Enrica completed fitting out, Bulloch hired a civilian crew to sail the new vessel to Terceira in the Azores. Sailing aboard the chartered steamer Bahama, Semmes and Bulloch rendezvoused with Enrica and the supply ship Agrippina. Over the next several days, Semmes oversaw Enricas conversion into a commerce raider. With the work complete, the he commissioned the ship CSS Alabama (8) on August 24. Electing to operate around the Azores, Semmes scored Alabamas first prize on September 5 when it captured the whaler Ocumlgee. Over the next two weeks, the raider destroyed a total of ten Union merchant ships, mostly whalers, and inflicted around $230,000 in damage. Moving toward the East Coast, Alabama made thirteen captures as the fall progressed. Though Semmes desired to raid New York harbor, a lack of coal forced him to steam for Martinique and a meeting with Agrippina. Re-coaling, he sailed for Texas with the hope of frustrating Union operations off Galveston. Nearing the port on January 11, 1863, Alabama was spotted by the Union blockade force. Turning to flee like a blockade runner, Semmes succeeded in luring USS Hatteras (5) away from its consorts before striking. In a brief battle, Alabama forced the Union warship to surrender. Landing and paroling the Union prisoners, Semmes turned south and made for Brazil. Operating along the coast of South America through late July, Alabama enjoyed a successful spell that saw it capture twenty-nine Union merchant ships. Crossing to South Africa, Semmes spent much of August refitting Alabama at Cape Town. Eluding several pursuing Union warships, Alabama moved into the Indian Ocean. Though Alabama continued to increase its tally, hunting became increasingly sparse particularly when it reached the East Indies. After overhauling at Candore, Semmes turned west in December. Departing Singapore, Alabama was increasingly in need of a full dockyard refit. Touching at Cape Town in March 1864, the raider made its sixty-fifth and final capture the following month as it steamed north toward Europe. Raphael Semmes - Loss of CSS Alabama: Reaching Cherbourg on June 11, Semmes entered the harbor. This proved a poor choice as the only dry docks in the city belonged to the French Navy whereas La Havre possessed privately-owned facilities. Requesting use of the dry docks, Semmes was informed that it required the permission of Emperor Napoleon III who was on vacation. The situation was made worse by the fact that the Union ambassador in Paris immediately alerted all Union naval vessels in Europe as to Alabamas location. The first to arrive off the harbor was Captain John A. Winslows Kearsarge. Unable to gain permission to use the dry docks, Semmes faced a difficult choice. The longer he remained at Cherbourg, the greater the Union opposition would likely become and the chances increased that the French would prevent his departure. As a result, after issuing a challenge to Winslow, Semmes emerged with his ship on June 19. Escorted by the French ironclad frigate Couronne and the British yacht Deerhound, Semmes approached the limit of French territorial waters. Battered from its long cruise and with its store of powder in poor condition, Alabama entered the battle at a disadvantage. In the fight that ensued, Alabama hit the Union vessel several times but the poor condition of its powder showed as several shells, including one that hit Kearsarges sternpost, failed to detonate. Kearsarge faired better as its rounds hit with telling effect. An hour after the battle began, Kearsarges guns had reduced the Confederacys greatest raider to a burning wreck. With his ship sinking, Semmes struck his colors and requested help. Sending boats, Kearsarge managed to rescue much of Alabamas crew, though Semmes was able to escape aboard Deerhound. Raphael Semmes - Later Career Life Taken to Britain, Semmes remained abroad for several months before embarking on the steamer Tasmanian on October 3. Arriving in Cuba, he returned to the Confederacy via Mexico. Arriving in Mobile on November 27, Semmes was hailed as a hero. Traveling to Richmond, VA, he received a vote of thanks from the Confederate Congress and gave a full report to Davis. Promoted to rear admiral on February 10, 1865, Semmes took command of the James River Squadron and aided in the defense of Richmond. On April 2, with the fall of Petersburg and Richmond imminent, he destroyed his ships and formed a Naval Brigade from his crews. Unable to join General Robert E. Lees retreating army, Semmes accepted the rank of brigadier general from Davis and moved south to join General Joseph E. Johnstons army in North Carolina. He was with Johnston when the general surrendered to Major General William T. Sherman at Bennett Place, NC on April 26. Initially paroled, Semmes later was arrested in Mobile on December 15 and charged with piracy. Held at the New York Navy Yard for three months, he gained his freedom in April 1866. Though elected probate judge for Mobile County, federal authorities prevented him from taking office. After briefly teaching at the Louisiana State Seminary (now Louisiana State University), he returned to Mobile where he served as a newspaper editor and author. Semmes died at Mobile on August 30, 1877, after contracting food poisoning and was buried in the citys Old Catholic Cemetery. Selected Sources US Navy: Captain Raphael Semmes CSS AlabamaEncyclopedia of Alabama: Raphael Semmes HistoryNet: Confederate Raider Raphael Semmes

The French Revolution had a significant impact upon British political culture and institutions Essays

The French Revolution had a significant impact upon British political culture and institutions Essays The French Revolution had a significant impact upon British political culture and institutions Essay The French Revolution had a significant impact upon British political culture and institutions Essay Essay Topic: History It inspired greater demands for reform that had been developing as a result of social and economic changes in Britain and encouraged the growth of reformist and politically radical societies to advocate these demands. This pressure for reform was countered by a corresponding conservative political reaction and a crackdown by the authorities, thus the events in France caused a deep polarisation of British society. As a result civil disorder and militant behaviour by the opposing factions increased as pamphlets, newspapers and various forms of propaganda were distributed widely by reformist and loyalist societies. Publications from figures such as Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke, whilst increasing this polarisation also served to increase the political awareness of large sectors of the population and helped democratic ideals to permeate British society. However, whilst significant, the direct impact of the French Revolution was both moderated and accentuated by external factors such as the war between the two nations and economic and agricultural conditions. Socio-economic developments such as urbanisation, improved educational opportunities, a flourishing press and a middle class which was growing as a result of economic expansion had increased calls for reform in Britain throughout the late eighteenth century. The initial impact of the French Revolution was to electrify reformist opinion, both radical and moderate. Reform societies such as the Revolution Society and the Society for Constitutional Information sent resolutions congratulating the French National Assembly. In 1791 meetings were organised throughout the country to mark Bastille Day and the event itself was performed as a pageant in Londons theatres. New radical associations such as the London Corresponding Society (LCS), which was founded in 1792, lobbied for universal male suffrage and parliamentary reform. The same was true in large and small towns across the country and helped to politicise and radicalise popular opinion. Nicholas Rogers states that the public welcomed the fall of French absolutism1 and the impact of what at first appeared to be a successful revolt increasingly began to make itself felt upon British politics. Reformers such as Henry Flood, whos moderately reforming bill to parliament in 1790 was roundly defeated, used events in France as an encouragement to reform to prevent a total revolution occurring in Britain. The moderate Society of the Friends of the People encouraged reform as a preventative remedy to avert for ever from our Country the calamities inseparable with such convulsions2. The response to the French Revolution of Flood and other moderates such as Major John Cartwright (who established the Society for Constitutional Information), was to enfranchise only those with property and not the irresponsible masses3. The impact of the revolution on more radical reformers was even more significant particularly as the moderates ultimately failed in their limited aims. Events in France were initially compared to the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Indeed the reformist chaplain and writer Richard Price used the centenary celebrations of the Revolution Society to acclaim the Revolution in France. Furthermore used the occasion to argue that though the [Glorious] Revolution was a great work, it was by no means a perfect work; and that all was not then gained which was necessary to put the kingdom in the secure and complete possession of the blessings of liberty. Thus the Revolution in France and the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which had won reforms that went much further than those secured in the Glorious Revolution, became something worthy of emulation4. Indeed the apparent success of the French Revolution in surpassing Britains own Glorious Revolution, and the failure of the moderates, encouraged radical reformers in their aims and won more popular support for their cause. Leading radical Thomas Paine went further than Price in his Rights of Man w hich was widely disseminated throughout society. Paine called for the abolition of the monarchy and for the sovereignty of the people. Dickinson states that he dismissed the much vaunted Glorious Revolution and compared it unfavourably to the much more radical revolutions in America and France5. Rogers argues that support for Paines views was widespread and as a result in about twenty towns throughout England and Scotland popular democratic societies emerged and rapidly expanded in to the countryside and areas where clubs and debating societies had not been woven into political life. Indeed he cites Newcastle-Under-Lyme as being ripe for revolt, especially the lower class of inhabitants6. Certainly Paines immensely popular pamphlet, along with the many others advocating radical views, ignited political debate, encouraged reformist views and facilitated the political enlightenment of large sections of the population and in particular the working classes. Whilst the French Revolution caused an explosion of radical societies, literature and pressure for reform, conversely it set off a reaction by those in British society who were opposed to the revolution and the ideals it espoused. As the revolution became more radical and posed an explicit threat to the status quo in Britain, increasingly Government pressure and loyalist writings and societies was used to counter those who supported reform. Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolution in France, written in response to Prices speech to the Revolution Society, forecast the later upheaval in French society and defended the British political system. Rogers states that Burkes Reflections helped to fuel the hostility to pro-French sentiment, to a point where some conservatives feared that the 1791 celebrations of the storming of the Bastille would precipitate widespread sedition and disorder7. These fears were apparently well founded as moderate radicalism failed and, following the excesses of the Revolution in France, opinion over reform became increasingly polarised. This polarisation is illustrated by the foundation of loyalist associations, such as the Association for the Preservation of Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers (APLP) according to Dickinson the largest political organisation in the country8. They sought to contrast British prosperity and political stability with the anarchy unfolding in France. These societies mirrored the radical societies and produced their own propaganda as well as resorting to threatening radical groups and individuals. On the anniversary of Bastille Day in 1791, widespread violence erupted in Birmingham as loyalists attacked the houses of reformists and disrupted meetings of radical groups. In addition, intimidation against radical groups and those who might host their meetings was widespread. The battle of ideas in Britain ignited by the French Revolution, and the popularity of radical ideas as advocated by Paine and others, forced the Government to intervene in order to halt the spread of radical concepts. The Government used spies and informants to investigate radical groups as well as using their legislative powers. The Treasonable Practices Act of 1795 and the Seditious Meetings Act of 1795 (the gagging acts) were used to prosecute those reformers who encouraged the deposition of the King or who held radical meetings. The combination of loyalism and government pressure, as a reaction against the radical ideas encouraged by the French Revolution, was ultimately successful. However, the conservative victory over the reformists was aided by the excesses of the revolution and fears of invasion roused by the outbreak of war between the two states. Equally the radicals were aided by a deteriorating economic situation and severe food shortages which caused widespread protest. Thus while the French Revolution may have encouraged a polarisation of British society along radical and conservative lines, other factors equally encouraged this state of affairs. Certainly in Britain there was a significant upsurge in discontent and greater calls for reform of the political system, which were due in part to the influence of events across the Channel. It is difficult to accept the view expounded by Ian Christie, that merely a minority of intellectuals welcomed the early stages of the revolution and much of this enthusiasm withered in face of the Revolution Militant after 17939. The widespread popularity of radical ideas and the fact that the government introduced the gagging acts in1795 shows it was not a merely a minority of intellectuals whose enthusiasm for radicalism waned after 1793. However, despite support for reform being further encouraged by a poor harvest and a relatively poor economic situation, the radical movement was hindered by splits over its methods and aims, the loyalism of many in British society and the fact that they were not opposing an absolutist regime. Indeed, the British had had their Glorious Revolution and these factors were sufficient to suppress the calls for reform until 1832. The impact of the French Revolution was that, in conjunction with other factors, it encouraged radical movements and ideas which correspondingly fostered a conservative reaction which was able to resist the ideals of the revolution. This deep polarisation of British politics caused an increase in disorder and militant behaviour but improved the political education of British society.

Final Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Final Project - Term Paper Example Time management is the other key aspect for managing a project, which is where time estimates are given for various aspects of the project, and the project manager must continually monitor the time estimates to determine if they are accurate, liberal or conservative. Cost management is similar to time management, and this is where the costs are maximally reduced, so that profit is maximized. Quality management is the next knowledge area, and the way to measure quality is smart, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. Communications management is where the stakeholders are apprised about the project with status updates, minutes of meetings, reports on deliverables, etc. Human resource management means that different team members are brought in, according to their expertise, during different specific moments in the schedule. Risk management is the increasing of the impact and probability of positive risks and decreasing negative risks. Procurement management is the process of det ermining what to procure and when, and this is where bids are solicited and sellers are determined . And integration management ensures that various elements of the projects are properly coordinated. This might involve making trade-offs among competing objectives and alternatives (PMI, 2013). These processes and knowledge areas will be applied to the situation at hand, which is a project where a data center will be moved for the customer who is Fiction Corp. Incorporating PMBOK Into the Final Project Initiating the Plan The first part of the plan initiation would be assembling a team that has the expertise that is necessary for this project. Since this project would entail a large amount of technical expertise, the team should consist of IT professionals which specialize in the different areas which are demanded in this project, as well as network managers and security professionals. Also, because the network is to be upgraded, the personnel to accomplish this also must be selected. Also, what must be determined is the implementers who need to be involved with the requirements and the design of the project (PMI, 2013). Then, going through the processes, the next step would be planning the project – the key objectives here would be time constraints and budget constraints, and the objectives would be to move the data center with a minimum of disruptions, upgrade the network and security of the data center. Because it is imperative that there be as few disruptions as possible, it is also imperative that all of these implementations occur in a timely manner. Therefore, when the next process occurs, which is executing the process, and people are coordinated and resources are also coordinated, the people who are coordinated must be informed of the main objectives of time and budget constraints, along with being informed about the details of the project. The resources which are amassed also must deal with these aspects of the project. These are all the three p rocess which go into the initial stages, because the other two projects – controlling process and closing process –

Critically appraise the contribution of Michael Power's audit Essay

Critically appraise the contribution of Michael Power's audit explosion argument to our understanding of accountability - Essay Example However the arguments go further to claim that these assumed causes need further support and research to express that the audit expansion is not a UK phenomenon (Power, 2002:183). This paper will review the basic arguments of the of The Audit Society and reconsider the causes and consequences of the audit society. Introduction Financial auditing is a statistical practice which seeks to draw conclusions from a limited inspection of documents. These documents can be written representations or budgets. More so, the inspections can be on oral testimony and direct observation. Prior to the past traditional methods of auditing in the UK, auditing began to modify by acquiring a new broader context. This was the reason because, audit began to play a new task in both the political and the economic sector. From this point, auditing became broader and a more significant tool in the society (Reuchars, 2004:76). Causes of Audit Explosion During the 1980s, the public sector institutions were chara cterized by financial constraints. Due to this factor, auditing and inspection became highly valued and important tool of change. National Audit Office and The Audit Commission became outstanding forces in government by playing an evolving and intricate constitutional role in different ways. In the late 1990s, the pressure for change increased as well as the demand for inspection and monitoring finances (Power, 2002:183). In another word audit explosion was driven by political demands on behalf of the citizens, patients, taxpayers, students and others. The reason behind this force was to provide greater accountability and transparency of service by both the public a and the private sector. The other pressure that forced the explosion of auditing was the rise of quality assurance practices and related transformations in regulatory style. Consequences of Auditing The introduction of auditing as an agency of organizational change has no measured consideration of benefits as well as pos sible dysfunctional effects. Although cost compliance has been introduced, audit and related monitoring ideas continue to be understood critically. In this respect, it is reasonable to suggest that auditing is an ideology driven for disciplining and controlling both the public and the private sector, yet it is not because auditing is not an instrument of genuine accountability. Therefore, to analyze the consequences of auditing, it is important to focus on the development of understanding auditing deeply (Powe, 2004:27). This broader understanding of auditing is the performance measures and other forms of accounting which provide an auditable front stage of an organization. The first consequence of auditing is that many performance indicators are produced but are not edited. Such facts are evident, and the UK Audit Commission is actively shaping these performance measures to enable genuine audit and inspection. However, just because a performance measure is not audited does not mean that it was not designed with potential audibility in mind. Another consequence is the growing population of auditees. This fact brings out the evidence that shows how different games of compliance creativity are played around the audit

In-court identification Essay Example for Free

In-court identification Essay In a criminal prosecution, the positive identification of the accused would most likely result in conviction. The likelihood that the defense would contest or suppress in-court identification by prosecution witnesses is therefore high. Over the years, our courts have formulated rules regarding the propriety of suppressing in-court identification by witnesses. The accuracy of eyewitness identification depends on factors personal to the witness such as: (1) perception; (2) memory; (3) communication; and (4) candor. (Moses, 2001) However, the suppression of in-court identification testimony largely depends upon the admissibility of the out-of-court identification, which preceded it. Such admissibility can be challenged principally on two grounds: first, that it violated the right to counsel of the accused under the Sixth Amendment or, second, that it violated due process. For purposes of this paper, the former will not be discussed since what is involved in the issue at hand is a photographic identification and therefore the accused cannot invoke his right to counsel, be it pre-indictment or post-indictment, since there is no adversarial confrontation involved. (United States vs. Ash, 1973) The case most applicable is Manson vs. Brathwaite, 432 U. S. 98 (1977). The facts of the case are: Glover, a trained undercover state police officer purchased heroin from a seller through the open doorway of an apartment while standing for two or three minutes within two feet of the seller in a hallway illuminated by natural light. A few minutes later Glover described the seller to another police officer as being a colored man, approximately five feet eleven inches tall, dark complexion, black hair, short Afro style, and having high cheekbones, and of heavy build. The other police officer, suspecting from the description that respondent might be the seller, left a police photograph of respondent at the office of Glover, who viewed it two days later and identified it as the picture of the seller. (Manson vs. Brathwaite, 1977) The court identified two issues. First, whether the police used an impermissibly suggestive procedure in obtaining the out-of-court identification. Second, whether, under all the circumstances, that suggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of â€Å"irreparable misidentification. † (Manson vs. Brathwaite, 1977) As to the first inquiry, the court held that the photographic identification was â€Å"impermissibly suggestive† and â€Å"unnecessarily so. † (Manson vs. Brathwaite, 1977) However, the court ultimately ruled in favor of the admissibility of the photographic identification and did not take a per se exclusion route as what happened in the case of Stovall vs.Deno, 388 U. S. 293 (1967), which declared that the evidence of an out-of-court identification is inadmissible if the evidence revealed that the out-of-court confrontation was so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification that he was denied due process of law. The court declared that â€Å"reliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony† (Manson vs. Brathwaite, 1977) The Court relied upon several factors, the â€Å"Biggers factors† (George, 2005, p. 9), that provide the basis in determining whether the witness had a picture of the perpetrator in his or her mind before the police suggestiveness occurred: 1) the amount of time or opportunity to view the suspect during the crime; 2) the witness’s degree of attention while viewing the suspect (casual observer or victim); 3) the accuracy of the description given prior to the identification procedure; 4) the witness’ level of certainty; and 5) the time between the offense and the identification. (Neil vs. Biggers, 1972) In the issue at hand before us, it must be determined: first, whether or not the photographic identification procedure was â€Å"impermissibly suggestive† and â€Å"unnecessarily so†; second, whether or not the â€Å"totality of the circumstances† (Manson vs. Brathwaite, 1977) would show that the identification made was indeed reliable. First, it is submitted that the out-of-court identification by the tellers are impermissibly suggestive and unnecessarily so. According to the cases of Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U. S. 98 (1977) and Mason v. United States, 414 F. 2d 1176 (D. C. Cir.1969), showing a single photograph is highly suggestive and the suggestivity is unnecessary unless there are compelling circumstances which would show otherwise. The act of the police officer in showing to one of the tellers the photograph of the defendant is considered unnecessarily suggestive as laid down by jurisprudence. The inquiry therefore which needs to be addressed is, whether or not the out-of-court identification by the tellers is reliable, regardless of the impermissible and unnecessary suggestive procedure conducted by the police officer a few day after their statements were noted. It is submitted that the out-of-court identification by the tellers are not reliable for the following reasons. First, there are no facts which suggest the amount of time or opportunity the tellers had in viewing the suspect during the commission of the robbery nor the witnesses’ degree of attention while viewing the suspect. Second, the level of certainty of the tellers as to the identity of the accused is highly contentious. That one of the tellers called up the police station and identified the defendant as the robber is not reliable because of the fact that she had seen a report on television the previous night regarding the arrest of the defendant. Such circumstance can be regarded as â€Å"suggestive. † Her â€Å"belief† that the arrested person is the robber is not a sufficient indicia of reliability and certainty on the part of the witness. Also, the identification by the other teller of the defendant as the robber by pointing to a picture of him in a newspaper article about the arrest is suggestive and highly suspect for the same reason. Moreover, the police officer conducting the investigation could have tested the assertions of the witnesses by conducting a line-up or photographic array identification subsequent to the taking of statements. But he did not. It is therefore concluded that the in-court identification by the witnesses should be suppressed for being made under impermissible and unnecessary suggestive procedure and for being unreliable considering the totality of all circumstances. WORKS CITED: George, A. (March, 2005). â€Å"That’s the man who did it! † Identification Evidence Under the 5th and 6th Amendments. † Retrieved November 2, 2006, from http://www.fd. org/pdf_lib/Due%20Process%20Under%205th%20Amendment. pdf Moses, R. (2001). Misidentification: The Caprices of Eyewitness Testimony in Criminal Cases. Retrieved November 2, 2006, from http://www. criminaldefense. homestead. com/eyewitnessmisidentification. html Motions to Suppress Eyewitness Identification Testimony. Retrieved November 2, 2006, from http://www. pdsdc. org/Cpi/CH_21. pdf. LEGAL SOURCES: Manson vs. Brathwaite, 432 U. S. 98 (1977). Mason v. United States, 414 F. 2d 1176 (D. C. Cir. 1969). Neil vs. Biggers, 409 U. S. 188 (1972). Stovall vs. Deno, 388 U. S. 293 (1967). United States vs. Ash, 413 U. S. 300 (1973).

Antibacterial Soap Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

Antibacterial Soap Dial antibacterial soap advertises that it is "over 10x more effective at killing disease-causing germs than ordinary liquid hand soaps"(1). To the average consumer a soap with the ability to kill more germs seems to be more effective. But is a more powerful antibacterial soap always better? Various studies suggest that antibacterial soaps can be harmful and may lead to problems like super bugs, dry skin, and hand eczema. According to current research antibacterial soaps are no better than traditional soaps when it comes to house hold use. Antibacterial cleaning agents have fast become a popular alternative to traditional cleaning products. These soaps, shampoos, dishwashing detergents, and toothpastes are marketed as antibacterial products and have become popular household items. In fact 75% of liquid soaps and 30% of bar soaps on the market are considered antibacterial(2). These antibacterial products are so popular because they are intended to decrease bacteria. They wipe out more germs than regular soap. This means that they should decrease a person's chance of getting sick. As Janet Donohue of www.germsmart.com suggests "they kill germs, thus breaking the cycle of infection"(3). In addition to killing germs some antibacterial products are easier to use than traditional soap and water. For example, there are many hand sanitizers that do not require water. A user simply applies the soap to his hands and the dirt "disappears". These products seem magic, but as we know magic does not exist in science. To fully understand how antibacterial products work one must learn how soap works. Soap consists of an acid and a base(4). The acid known as triglycerides mixes with the base sodium hyd... ...than trying to wipe bacteria out we should work on limiting our exposure to too many harmful bacteria with traditional soaps, shampoos, dish detergents, and toothpaste. Internet Sources: 1)How Stuff Works Site, This site gives answers to simple science questions. http://www.howstuffworks.com/question692.htm 2)Health at OZ site, http://www.healthatoz.com/atoz/healthupdate/alert09192000.html 3)United States Health and Human Services, This is a copy of the report given on antibiotic http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00736.html 4), Germ Smart site, http://www.germsmart.com/ 5), Doctors Guide, http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/F3d6a.htm 6) Nurse Week Article , http://www.nurseweek.com/features/98-10/soap.html 7) MSNBC Report , Buissness Journal, http://msnbc.msn.com/news/608082.asp?cp1=1 8) Dial Soap Site, http://www.dialsoap.com/

Perfume Suskind

Interactive Oral: Debate Title: How was your understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral? The setting of Perfume was crafted accordingly to author’s intention so that the main character would develop specific characterizations that will later on, lead him to make a decision whether to live or to die.Suskind does this by placing Grenouille, who has a keen sense of smell in the 18th century France and distinctively allowed the plot to develop and establish in a setting of a malodorous and a scent-conscious society, where people were obsessed with pleasurable scent and uses it distinguish themselves within the hierarchy. In addition, Suskind hinted that smell is depicted more than merely the ingredients of a perfume but could also be a resemblance as the scent of a person’s soul, thus he made a correlation between the existences of with the existence of a person’s soul.Hence in Perfume, scent has become the crucial factor in determining the human soul, the identity of oneself. Suskind also made a point where your own smell will give away your identity like the poor would have malodorous smell but ironically, he decided to leave the main character scentless. Grenouille was isolated simply because in the eyes of the society, he does not have the substance (body odour) that established his identity as a human being. Moreover, Grenouille also decided to detach himself away from the society because he does not have the need to establish relationships.Through isolation and detachment, Suskind have effectively molded the main character’s psychological state of mind by limiting Grenouille’s knowledge and only allowed him to gain knowledge through smell and scent rather than language itself so that Grenouille only understood that things that smells, exist. During an epiphany and Grenouille’s encounter with the â€Å"fog†, he discovered and learnt the truth that h e does not bear a smell or scent (based on his knowledge and understanding) and he belonged nowhere within the hierarchy, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist.The cumulated awareness has aided him to realize upon the ultimate truth that he was indeed born scentless and can never own a scent. Upon discovering and understanding the final truth, he decided that his existing life has bared no significance to himself, hence leading to his choice to die. Perfume was written in such a way that it indirectly criticizes the human’s nature – the endless greed through Grenouille, where he chooses to pursue after something that is beyond his competence. (408) Grenouille reached an epiphany when he encountered the â€Å"fog† in his dreams.The fog indirectly symbolizes as the ultimate truth which he has not explored and fully implicit. Grenouille only understood that he could not smell the fog hence the fog implies as a non-ex istent thing. This is how he had a realization that he is nonexistent. Again Suskind successfully correlate scent as identity. The moment he realized that the fog is a part of him, he had internal conflicts where he understood that he does not have an identity based on his understanding. He realized that he belonged nowhere in the hierarchy – hence only understood that his personal identity is hindered because he does not have smell of his own.When Grenouille realized that he was scentless and found himself to be nowhere within the category, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist. Hence such understanding has led him to an internal conflict where he realized that he was born scentless and his created scent could never be his thus leading to his choice to die. The setting was crafted in such way that it affects the main character’s psychological state of mind and its characterizations towards the choices. (332)

Wk 1 Discussion

What is meant by an â€Å"agency cost† or â€Å"agency problem†? Do these interfere with shareholder wealth maximization? Why? What mechanisms minimize these costs/problems? Are executive compensation contracts effective in mitigating these costs/problems? Our textbook defines an agency problem as a â€Å"conflict between the goals of a firm’s owners and its managers† (Megginson & Smart, 2009). It then defines agency costs as dollar costs that arise because of this conflict.In the corporate structure, stockholders are the owners of the firm, and they elect a board of directors to oversee the firm and help protect their investment. The board then hires the right corporate managers to run the firm with the goal of maximizing the wealth of the shareholders. In a vacuum, this is a perfect framework by which to run a corporation; however, the reality is that a corporation’s managers are influenced and driven both by the company’s goals and by thei r own personal goals.Our textbook lists a few of those goals on page 25 as personal wealth, job security, lifestyle, prestige, and ‘perks’ (Megginson & Smart, 2009). These agency problems can directly interfere with the corporation’s goal of shareholder wealth maximization because of the costs that these problems create. For example, an executive might become so focused on his personal goals that he â€Å"takes his eye off the ball† of the company’s goals. In addition, the board may have to institute costly auditing or bonding measures to ensure the effectiveness of its managers, or protect the company from executive wrongdoing.Our text lays out three broad ways that shareholders can try to mitigate these types of agency problems; they are: relying on market forces, structured executive compensation packages, and the auditing/bonding measures discussed above (Megginson & Smart, 2009). The â€Å"market forces† category is loosely defined as th e pressure put on a business by the rest of the market and its competitors. This can manifest itself in the form of a hostile takeover, whereas another entity purchases a controlling interest in the firm with the goal of making a profit on that investment.Generally, under-performing companies are the prime targets of hostile takeovers, so it makes sense that aligning shareholder and executive goals is a major way to avoid that. One popular way of aligning these goals is through the use of elaborate, structured compensation plans for executives which directly tie an executive’s salary to the performance of the company, usually and specifically its stock price (Megginson & Smart, 2009). These compensation plans have become the norm for American corporations, and their effectiveness in solving the agency problem is debatable.On one hand, it should drive an executive to strive to maximize the shareholder wealth, and it also helps companies to attract and retain the best available managers. On the other hand, it serves to sometimes wildly inflate the compensation paid to these executives, either by corporations trying to stay competitive for the best talent, or through easily achievable goals and uncapped maximums. The structured plans, if done correctly, are an effective way to help insure the goal of wealth maximization, but they are also by definition agency costs.Hence, agency problems are inherent to our American corporate system. Works Cited: Megginson, W. L. , & Smart, S. B. (2009). Introduction to Corporate Finance. Mason, OH: South-Western. Chapter 2 If you were a commercial credit analyst charged with the responsibility of making an accept/reject decision on a company's loan request, with which financial statement would you be most concerned? Which financial statement is most likely to provide pertinent information about a company's ability to repay its debt?If I was in charge of approving or denying a loan for a company, I would be most concerned with that company’s last few Income Statements. An Income Statement provides the details of a firm’s business performance over a set period of time, and it shows all sources of revenues and expenses for a business. Analysis of an Income Statement will clearly show the health of a company’s business operations. This question is misleading though, because any loan approval authority would obviously also be concerned with a company’s Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash Flows, and Notes to Financial Statements documents as well.Through a thorough review of all the firm’s statements, an analyst can calculate the most important ratios to determine the credit-worthiness of a prospective loan customer. The Statement of Cash Flows, in particular, is the single best document for determining if a firm has the required liquidity to repay a new obligation. This is achieved by calculating important ratios such as the OCF and the FCF. However, since the Statement of Cash Flows is comprised entirely of data presented on other financial statements, it did not rise to the level of â€Å"most concerned with† for the purpose of answering this question.